Root canal therapy is needed when the pulp inside a tooth - the soft tissue containing the nerve and blood supply has become irreparably infected or has died.
This can happen as a result of deep decay, a crack or fracture in the tooth, repeated dental procedures on the same tooth, or an injury. Rather than extracting the tooth, root canal treatment removes the damaged pulp, cleans and seals the inside of the tooth, and restores it to full function.
It's a tooth-saving procedure, and in most cases a very worthwhile one.